Diffusion fashions have lately emerged because the de facto normal for producing advanced, high-dimensional outputs. It’s possible you’ll know them for his or her capability to supply beautiful AI artwork and hyper-realistic artificial photographs, however they’ve additionally discovered success in different purposes corresponding to drug design and steady management. The important thing thought behind diffusion fashions is to iteratively rework random noise right into a pattern, corresponding to a picture or protein construction. That is sometimes motivated as a most chance estimation drawback, the place the mannequin is skilled to generate samples that match the coaching information as intently as attainable.
Nevertheless, most use circumstances of diffusion fashions aren’t immediately involved with matching the coaching information, however as a substitute with a downstream goal. We don’t simply need a picture that appears like present photographs, however one which has a selected sort of look; we don’t simply desire a drug molecule that’s bodily believable, however one that’s as efficient as attainable. On this submit, we present how diffusion fashions could be skilled on these downstream aims immediately utilizing reinforcement studying (RL). To do that, we finetune Steady Diffusion on quite a lot of aims, together with picture compressibility, human-perceived aesthetic high quality, and prompt-image alignment. The final of those aims makes use of suggestions from a big vision-language mannequin to enhance the mannequin’s efficiency on uncommon prompts, demonstrating how highly effective AI fashions can be utilized to enhance one another with none people within the loop.
A diagram illustrating the prompt-image alignment goal. It makes use of LLaVA, a big vision-language mannequin, to judge generated photographs.
Denoising Diffusion Coverage Optimization
When turning diffusion into an RL drawback, we make solely probably the most primary assumption: given a pattern (e.g. a picture), we’ve entry to a reward perform that we are able to consider to inform us how “good” that pattern is. Our purpose is for the diffusion mannequin to generate samples that maximize this reward perform.
Diffusion fashions are sometimes skilled utilizing a loss perform derived from most chance estimation (MLE), that means they’re inspired to generate samples that make the coaching information look extra doubtless. Within the RL setting, we not have coaching information, solely samples from the diffusion mannequin and their related rewards. A method we are able to nonetheless use the identical MLE-motivated loss perform is by treating the samples as coaching information and incorporating the rewards by weighting the loss for every pattern by its reward. This provides us an algorithm that we name reward-weighted regression (RWR), after present algorithms from RL literature.
Nevertheless, there are a couple of issues with this strategy. One is that RWR just isn’t a very actual algorithm — it maximizes the reward solely roughly (see Nair et. al., Appendix A). The MLE-inspired loss for diffusion can be not actual and is as a substitute derived utilizing a variational certain on the true chance of every pattern. Which means that RWR maximizes the reward by means of two ranges of approximation, which we discover considerably hurts its efficiency.
We consider two variants of DDPO and two variants of RWR on three reward features and discover that DDPO persistently achieves the perfect efficiency.
The important thing perception of our algorithm, which we name denoising diffusion coverage optimization (DDPO), is that we are able to higher maximize the reward of the ultimate pattern if we take note of your complete sequence of denoising steps that received us there. To do that, we reframe the diffusion course of as a multi-step Markov choice course of (MDP). In MDP terminology: every denoising step is an motion, and the agent solely will get a reward on the ultimate step of every denoising trajectory when the ultimate pattern is produced. This framework permits us to use many highly effective algorithms from RL literature which can be designed particularly for multi-step MDPs. As a substitute of utilizing the approximate chance of the ultimate pattern, these algorithms use the precise chance of every denoising step, which is extraordinarily simple to compute.
We selected to use coverage gradient algorithms as a consequence of their ease of implementation and previous success in language mannequin finetuning. This led to 2 variants of DDPO: DDPOSF, which makes use of the straightforward rating perform estimator of the coverage gradient often known as REINFORCE; and DDPOIS, which makes use of a extra highly effective significance sampled estimator. DDPOIS is our best-performing algorithm and its implementation intently follows that of proximal coverage optimization (PPO).
Finetuning Steady Diffusion Utilizing DDPO
For our fundamental outcomes, we finetune Steady Diffusion v1-4 utilizing DDPOIS. We’ve 4 duties, every outlined by a unique reward perform:
- Compressibility: How simple is the picture to compress utilizing the JPEG algorithm? The reward is the detrimental file measurement of the picture (in kB) when saved as a JPEG.
- Incompressibility: How arduous is the picture to compress utilizing the JPEG algorithm? The reward is the optimistic file measurement of the picture (in kB) when saved as a JPEG.
- Aesthetic High quality: How aesthetically interesting is the picture to the human eye? The reward is the output of the LAION aesthetic predictor, which is a neural community skilled on human preferences.
- Immediate-Picture Alignment: How effectively does the picture symbolize what was requested for within the immediate? This one is a little more difficult: we feed the picture into LLaVA, ask it to explain the picture, after which compute the similarity between that description and the unique immediate utilizing BERTScore.
Since Steady Diffusion is a text-to-image mannequin, we additionally want to choose a set of prompts to present it throughout finetuning. For the primary three duties, we use easy prompts of the shape “a(n) [animal]”. For prompt-image alignment, we use prompts of the shape “a(n) [animal] [activity]”, the place the actions are “washing dishes”, “taking part in chess”, and “using a motorbike”. We discovered that Steady Diffusion typically struggled to supply photographs that matched the immediate for these uncommon situations, leaving loads of room for enchancment with RL finetuning.
First, we illustrate the efficiency of DDPO on the straightforward rewards (compressibility, incompressibility, and aesthetic high quality). The entire photographs are generated with the identical random seed. Within the prime left quadrant, we illustrate what “vanilla” Steady Diffusion generates for 9 totally different animals; the entire RL-finetuned fashions present a transparent qualitative distinction. Curiously, the aesthetic high quality mannequin (prime proper) tends in the direction of minimalist black-and-white line drawings, revealing the sorts of photographs that the LAION aesthetic predictor considers “extra aesthetic”.
Subsequent, we reveal DDPO on the extra advanced prompt-image alignment activity. Right here, we present a number of snapshots from the coaching course of: every sequence of three photographs reveals samples for a similar immediate and random seed over time, with the primary pattern coming from vanilla Steady Diffusion. Curiously, the mannequin shifts in the direction of a extra cartoon-like type, which was not intentional. We hypothesize that it’s because animals doing human-like actions usually tend to seem in a cartoon-like type within the pretraining information, so the mannequin shifts in the direction of this type to extra simply align with the immediate by leveraging what it already is aware of.
Sudden Generalization
Shocking generalization has been discovered to come up when finetuning massive language fashions with RL: for instance, fashions finetuned on instruction-following solely in English typically enhance in different languages. We discover that the identical phenomenon happens with text-to-image diffusion fashions. For instance, our aesthetic high quality mannequin was finetuned utilizing prompts that have been chosen from an inventory of 45 widespread animals. We discover that it generalizes not solely to unseen animals but additionally to on a regular basis objects.
Our prompt-image alignment mannequin used the identical record of 45 widespread animals throughout coaching, and solely three actions. We discover that it generalizes not solely to unseen animals but additionally to unseen actions, and even novel combos of the 2.
Overoptimization
It’s well-known that finetuning on a reward perform, particularly a discovered one, can result in reward overoptimization the place the mannequin exploits the reward perform to attain a excessive reward in a non-useful method. Our setting isn’t any exception: in all of the duties, the mannequin ultimately destroys any significant picture content material to maximise reward.
We additionally found that LLaVA is prone to typographic assaults: when optimizing for alignment with respect to prompts of the shape “[n] animals”, DDPO was in a position to efficiently idiot LLaVA by as a substitute producing textual content loosely resembling the proper quantity.
There may be at the moment no general-purpose methodology for stopping overoptimization, and we spotlight this drawback as an essential space for future work.
Conclusion
Diffusion fashions are arduous to beat relating to producing advanced, high-dimensional outputs. Nevertheless, up to now they’ve principally been profitable in purposes the place the purpose is to study patterns from tons and plenty of information (for instance, image-caption pairs). What we’ve discovered is a technique to successfully prepare diffusion fashions in a method that goes past pattern-matching — and with out essentially requiring any coaching information. The chances are restricted solely by the standard and creativity of your reward perform.
The best way we used DDPO on this work is impressed by the current successes of language mannequin finetuning. OpenAI’s GPT fashions, like Steady Diffusion, are first skilled on big quantities of Web information; they’re then finetuned with RL to supply helpful instruments like ChatGPT. Sometimes, their reward perform is discovered from human preferences, however others have extra lately discovered the best way to produce highly effective chatbots utilizing reward features primarily based on AI suggestions as a substitute. In comparison with the chatbot regime, our experiments are small-scale and restricted in scope. However contemplating the large success of this “pretrain + finetune” paradigm in language modeling, it definitely looks like it’s price pursuing additional on this planet of diffusion fashions. We hope that others can construct on our work to enhance massive diffusion fashions, not only for text-to-image technology, however for a lot of thrilling purposes corresponding to video technology, music technology, picture enhancing, protein synthesis, robotics, and extra.
Moreover, the “pretrain + finetune” paradigm just isn’t the one method to make use of DDPO. So long as you may have an excellent reward perform, there’s nothing stopping you from coaching with RL from the beginning. Whereas this setting is as-yet unexplored, it is a place the place the strengths of DDPO may actually shine. Pure RL has lengthy been utilized to all kinds of domains starting from taking part in video games to robotic manipulation to nuclear fusion to chip design. Including the highly effective expressivity of diffusion fashions to the combination has the potential to take present purposes of RL to the following stage — and even to find new ones.
This submit is predicated on the next paper:
If you wish to study extra about DDPO, you possibly can take a look at the paper, web site, unique code, or get the mannequin weights on Hugging Face. If you wish to use DDPO in your personal venture, take a look at my PyTorch + LoRA implementation the place you possibly can finetune Steady Diffusion with lower than 10GB of GPU reminiscence!
If DDPO conjures up your work, please cite it with:
@misc{black2023ddpo,
title={Coaching Diffusion Fashions with Reinforcement Studying},
writer={Kevin Black and Michael Janner and Yilun Du and Ilya Kostrikov and Sergey Levine},
yr={2023},
eprint={2305.13301},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}