This text initially appeared on Universe Immediately.
Attending to Mars takes a very very long time, about 9 months utilizing at this time’s rocket know-how. It’s because common rocket engines burn gasoline and oxygen collectively (like a automotive engine), however they’re not very environment friendly. The basic drawback is that spacecraft should carry each gasoline and oxidizer since there’s no air in area to assist combustion. This creates a vicious circle: The extra gasoline you carry to go quicker, the heavier your spacecraft turns into, requiring much more gasoline to speed up that additional weight. To go quicker, you’d want large quantities of gasoline, making the rockets extremely costly and heavy. Present chemical propulsion programs are nearly at their theoretical limits, with little room for enchancment in effectivity.
While NASA funding has been slashed by the Trump administration with no allocation for nuclear thermal propulsion and/or nuclear electrical propulsion, scientists on the European Area Company (ESA) have been learning nuclear propulsion. Right here’s the way it works: As a substitute of burning gasoline with oxygen, a nuclear reactor heats up a propellant like hydrogen. The super-heated propellant then shoots out of the rocket nozzle, pushing the spacecraft ahead. This methodology is far more environment friendly than chemical rockets.
Revisiting Nuclear Rockets for Mars
Nuclear rockets supply a number of key benefits, corresponding to chopping Mars journey occasions in half—from 9 months to about 4 to five months. The effectivity beneficial properties come from the truth that nuclear reactors produce much more vitality per unit of gasoline than chemical reactions. Surprisingly, astronauts would truly obtain much less dangerous radiation on shorter journeys, though the engine itself produces radiation. This occurs as a result of area vacationers are consistently bombarded by cosmic radiation throughout their journey, and chopping journey time in half considerably reduces their whole publicity. These engines work finest for large spacecraft that want to hurry up and decelerate dramatically, excellent for Moon and Mars missions the place speedy velocity adjustments of not less than 25,000 km/h are required.
The examine, known as “Alumni,” prioritized security by way of cautious design. The nuclear reactor solely activates when the spacecraft is much from Earth in a secure orbit. Earlier than activation, the uranium gasoline has very low radioactivity and isn’t poisonous. A number of radiation shields shield the crew in the course of the quick engine burns that final lower than 2 hours. The reactor is designed by no means to return to Earth’s ambiance. The analysis group spent over a 12 months analyzing this know-how and concluded it’s possible for long-term growth. Nevertheless, there’s nonetheless vital work forward, together with laboratory testing of the brand new ceramic-metal reactor design, constructing secure testing services, and fixing technical challenges like gasoline sourcing and reactor restart programs.
Nuclear thermal propulsion might revolutionize area journey, making missions to Mars and the Moon quicker and extra sensible. Whereas the know-how is promising and seems secure, it should take a few years of growth earlier than we see nuclear-powered spacecraft heading to the Purple Planet. It’s nice to see Europe demonstrating that it has the experience to develop this know-how, doubtlessly ushering in a brand new period of area exploration the place distant worlds change into extra accessible than ever earlier than
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